2016年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)轉(zhuan)型(xing)和(he)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)重(zhong)點(dian)之(zhi)一(yi)，在(zai)於(yu)化(hua)解(jie)目(mu)前(qian)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)行(xing)業(ye)普(pu)遍(bian)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)產(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)問(wen)題(ti)。根(gen)據(ju)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)統(tong)計(ji)局(ju)不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)的(de)官(guan)方(fang)統(tong)計(ji)，鋼(gang)鐵(tie)、水泥、電解鋁、平板玻璃、造船等行業的產能利用率，分別隻有72%
、73.7%、71.9%、73.1%和75%。也就是說
，這些行業的產能過剩率至少有30%，中zhong國guo產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti的de嚴yan重zhong性xing遠yuan高gao於yu其qi他ta各ge主zhu要yao經jing濟ji體ti。如ru果guo考kao慮lv到dao在zai產chan能neng如ru此ci之zhi高gao的de情qing勢shi下xia
，仍reng然ran有you許xu多duo的de投tou資zi和he在zai建jian項xiang目mu正zheng在zai進jin行xing中zhong，那na麼me等deng到dao未wei來lai幾ji年nian這zhe些xie項xiang目mu完wan成cheng的de時shi候hou，中zhong國guo的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti將jiang變bian得de更geng加jia嚴yan重zhong。

以鋼鐵行業為例
，中國2012年全國鋼鐵需求大約是3.2億噸，而目前中國的鋼鐵產能大約是4.7億噸，而且目前還有幾個大規模的鋼鐵廠正在建設之中。與此類似，中國全國的電解鋁需求每年大約是720萬噸，而目前的產能是1100萬噸——也就是產能過剩超過50%，而這隻是中國經濟產能過剩問題的冰山一角。中國的產能過剩之嚴重，發展速度之迅速，吸引了全國和全球的高度關注。

除了上述的傳統行業之外
，在很多曾經一度非常有希望的新興產業，也開始出現大量的產能過剩問題。汽車行業、光伏行業和風電行業，這些一度被國家發改委當作能夠推動中國經濟發展的下一個戰略性發展行業，目前都麵臨著產能過剩率超過50%的尷尬局麵。

要(yao)想(xiang)化(hua)解(jie)中(zhong)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)目(mu)前(qian)麵(mian)臨(lin)的(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)產(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)問(wen)題(ti)，可(ke)能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)首(shou)先(xian)理(li)解(jie)形(xing)成(cheng)產(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)，並(bing)遏(e)製(zhi)住(zhu)產(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)惡(e)化(hua)的(de)趨(qu)勢(shi)。事(shi)後(hou)看(kan)來(lai)難(nan)以(yi)理(li)解(jie)的(de)產(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)問(wen)題(ti)，其(qi)實(shi)在(zai)問(wen)題(ti)爆(bao)發(fa)之(zhi)前(qian)
，反(fan)映(ying)了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)層(ceng)次(ci)中(zhong)，存(cun)在(zai)有(you)非(fei)常(chang)理(li)性(xing)、完全可以理解的考慮。

首shou先xian
，中zhong國guo的de中zhong央yang政zheng府fu和he地di方fang政zheng府fu規gui劃hua對dui於yu中zhong國guo嚴yan重zhong的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng負fu有you直zhi接jie責ze任ren。伴ban隨sui著zhe每mei一yi個ge五wu年nian計ji劃hua的de頒ban布bu，都dou會hui有you一yi批pi重zhong要yao支zhi柱zhu性xing產chan業ye的de規gui劃hua出chu台tai。2009年4wanyicijizhengcequedingzhihou，shidachanyezhenxingjihuatuichu
，biaomingzhongyangzhengfumingqueguliheyindaodifangzhengfuzaimoujigetedingdelingyu，jinxingdaliangtouzi。zhengfudegulizhengceheyuzhixiangpeitaodekuansongzijinlaiyuan，shidemouxiexinxinglingyuhuozhezengjingbeihushidelingyu，zaifeichangduandeshijianli，jizhongyongruledaliangdetouzihexiangmu。weiletuidongdifangjingjikuaisuzengchang，difangzhengfushibuhuicuoguozhongyangzhengfutichudegezhongzhongyaozhanlvexingxingyedefazhanjihui。guojiafagaiweisuotichudeyixiliechanyeguihuazhengce，yeshidifangzhengfumouxiexindetouzixiangmuliangengjiarongyitongguo，bingqiekeyibijiaorongyidihuodeyinxingdaikuanhecaizhengzijinzhichi。

但dan產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti形xing成cheng的de主zhu要yao原yuan因yin在zai於yu

，幾ji乎hu所suo有you的de地di方fang政zheng府fu在zai同tong一yi時shi間jian裏li想xiang法fa都dou是shi一yi致zhi的de，而er又you缺que乏fa相xiang應ying的de協xie調tiao和he約yue束shu。為wei了le抓zhua住zhu這zhe轉zhuan瞬shun即ji逝shi的de瘋feng狂kuang投tou資zi機ji會hui，各ge地di政zheng府fu在zai很hen短duan的de時shi間jian內nei集ji中zhong對dui有you限xian的de幾ji個ge領ling域yu進jin行xing瘋feng狂kuang的de投tou資zi。這zhe種zhong做zuo法fa，很hen快kuai就jiu會hui導dao致zhi這zhe幾ji個ge產chan業ye的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng問wen題ti超chao過guo百bai分fen之zhi百bai。

zhezhongxianxiang，jiuxiangchuantongboyilunjingdiandeqiutukunjing。youyuquefaxinxidegoutonghexiangyingdexietiaojizhi，yuanlaifeichangyouqianlidezhanlvexinxingchanye，zaijizhongtouzideyoudaoxia，henkuaibianchenglezainanxingdechannengguoshengxingye。2009年nian四si萬wan億yi刺ci激ji政zheng策ce之zhi後hou，國guo有you銀yin行xing為wei了le能neng夠gou響xiang應ying中zhong央yang政zheng府fu對dui於yu推tui動dong經jing濟ji發fa展zhan的de號hao召zhao

，所suo進jin行xing的de大da規gui模mo的de激ji進jin的de放fang貸dai活huo動dong
，也ye直zhi接jie導dao致zhi了le這zhe些xie產chan業ye在zai資zi金jin上shang得de到dao了le傾qing斜xie性xing支zhi持chi，得de以yi高gao歌ge猛meng進jin地di發fa展zhan

，最zui終zhong也ye導dao致zhi了le這zhe些xie產chan業ye嚴yan重zhong的de產chan能neng過guo剩sheng。

值得指出的是，中國嚴重產能過剩形成的背後，除了政府的規劃和引導之外，企業也對事後的嚴重產能過剩問題負有不可推卸的責任。

首先
，由於在過去20年裏，所有的企業管理者都預期中國的經濟會不斷地擴張
，因此，幾乎所有企業都會理性地
、buduanjijindikuozhangzijidechanneng。jishizaijingjizengchangxiahuadeshihou，zhongguozhengfuyiciyouyicidixiangquanguohequanshijiezhengmingzijiweichizhongguojingjigaosuzengchangdejuexinhenengli。zaizheyidahuanjingxia
，qiyedouhuijinkenengdichoucuoziben
，jinxinggengdaguimodetouzi
，yiqizaijinhoudejingjizengchangzhonghuoyi。youyutongguojiedaihetouzijinxingzengchangbitongguotishengqiyedeyanfanengliheguanlishuipingdezengchangfangshigengjiarongyi，yincihenduozhongguoqiyezhujianxingchengletongguokuozhangchanneng，jinxingjiliedejiagezhanyihuoqujingzhengyoushidejingzhengzhanlvehesilu。

其次
， youyuguoquguoqushiduonianjianzhongguohuobigongyingliangdegaosuzengchang
，qiyejiazhujianxingchenglezichanjiageshibishangzhangdeqianglieyuqi。zaicilixingyuqizhixia
，qiyejingyingzhehehuluojidezuofajiushijinkenengduodijierudaliangzhaiwuhekuozhangzijidezichanhechanneng，yiqidaizaixiayilunzichanpaomoguochengzhonghuoli。henduokaishishibeirenweishifeichangjijindetouzijucuo
，suizhezichanpaomodekuaisukuozhang，shihoudoubeirenweishifeichangmingzhide，shenzhishifeichangshenshengde。zhezhongchenggongdiyabaojingjikuozhanghezichanjiageshengzhidejingli

，daozhihenduoqiyejiayuelaiyueyouxinxinjinxingjinkenengduo、盡可能快地固定資產投資和產能的擴張。

zaizhe，zhongguozhongyanghedifangzhengfuduimouxiexingyesuotigongdegulizhengcehedanbao，gengshijinyibuzhichilezhezhongjijinmaoxiandetouzixingwei。fanguanguoqujinianguoqiguimozengchangzhisuoyirucizhikuai，beihoudeyigezhongyaodeyuanyinshiguoyouqiyedezhenghe。zaiguoziweiguanyuguoqiyaozuodazuoqiangdehaozhaoxia，guoyouqiyeweileshougoujianbingqitaqiye
，bubeiqitaqiyejianbing

，zaiduanshijianneiduiqiyeguimojinxingledafukuozhang。

國有企業自身激進的規模擴張給很多民營企業帶來更大的競爭壓力， 同tong時shi也ye誘you使shi民min營ying企qi業ye同tong時shi積ji極ji地di擴kuo張zhang規gui模mo。除chu此ci之zhi外wai，民min營ying企qi業ye也ye逐zhu漸jian意yi識shi到dao，隨sui著zhe規gui模mo擴kuo大da
，企qi業ye就jiu更geng有you可ke能neng獲huo得de政zheng府fu的de各ge種zhong支zhi持chi和he救jiu助zhu。高gao調tiao的de公gong共gong形xing象xiang和he對dui當dang地di財cai政zheng的de貢gong獻xian以yi及ji為wei當dang地di勞lao動dong力li提ti供gong就jiu業ye機ji會hui，成cheng為wei民min營ying企qi業ye在zai地di方fang政zheng府fu麵mian前qian討tao價jia還hai價jia最zui有you力li的de資zi本ben。隨sui著zhe企qi業ye規gui模mo的de擴kuo大da，及ji企qi業ye在zai資zi本ben市shi場chang和he全quan國guo知zhi名ming度du的de提ti升sheng，某mou些xie企qi業ye會hui逐zhu漸jian成cheng為wei一yi個ge地di區qu的de名ming片pian。一yi旦dan這zhe些xie企qi業ye發fa生sheng任ren何he問wen題ti，當dang地di政zheng府fu有you較jiao強qiang的de動dong機ji來lai推tui動dong和he救jiu助zhu這zhe些xie企qi業ye。2010年(nian)溫(wen)州(zhou)金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)機(ji)期(qi)間(jian)大(da)企(qi)業(ye)得(de)到(dao)關(guan)注(zhu)和(he)救(jiu)助(zhu)，普(pu)通(tong)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)自(zi)生(sheng)自(zi)滅(mie)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)
，則(ze)更(geng)是(shi)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)強(qiang)化(hua)了(le)很(hen)多(duo)民(min)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)家(jia)擴(kuo)大(da)自(zi)身(shen)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)動(dong)機(ji)。

zuihouzhidezhichudeshi，zhongguodejinrongjigouduizhongguodechannengguoshengwentifuyoubuketuixiedezeren。zhongguojinrongtixizuizhongyaodezuchengbufenyinxingdefangdaijueding，wangwangkeyijuedingyijiaqiyedefazhannaizhimingyun。youyuyinxingdaikuanliuchengduiyuqiyedeguimohediyapindejiazhidouyoubijiaoyangedeyaoqiu，erqiepianxiangdaxingqiye，yinciyigeqiyehuodeyinxingdaikuanhenenggoujiechudaojinrongshichangdenengli，hendachengdushangqujueyuqiyedeguimo。weilenenggouhuodeyinxingdaikuanzheyizhongguozuilianjia、體量最大的融資方式的支持，也從客觀上解釋了為什麼中國的民營企業強大的擴大企業規模和產能的動機。

在了解了中國產能過剩問題形成背後政府和企業在個體層麵的理性思考之後
， 防止和化解中國目前產能過剩問題的解決思路也就變得相應清晰了。

首先，政府應該在經濟發展中讓市場發揮更大的配置資源的作用
，減少行政規劃和幹預， 讓企業和企業家在盡可能少的外部擾動的環境下，進行自發的、可持續的規劃和發展。

qici，qiyejiayinggaijingjifazhanhehuobigongyingxingchengzhunquehezhongxingdeyuqi。guoquyiduanshijianzhongguojingjigaosunaizhichaogaosudezengchang，wuyidaozhilehenduoqiyejiaduiyuweilaixingchengduoduoshaoshaobuqieshijideyuqiheguihua。eryidanshichangxuqiudezengchangdabudaoqiyeshixianguofenleguandeyuqi，channengguoshengjiuchengweiyigebukebimiandejieguo。eryaogaibianshichangdeyuqi,逐步退出政府提供的各種各樣的剛性兌付和救助，讓市場參與者對自己的決策和承擔的風險承擔所應承擔的責任就變得至關重要。

隨sui著zhe下xia一yi步bu中zhong國guo金jin融rong改gai革ge的de推tui動dong，隨sui著zhe利li率lv市shi場chang化hua和he民min營ying銀yin行xing等deng改gai革ge的de進jin行xing，中zhong國guo企qi業ye特te別bie是shi國guo有you企qi業ye，應ying當dang逐zhu步bu適shi應ying憑ping借jie自zi己ji的de創chuang新xin和he管guan理li能neng力li
，而er不bu是shi自zi己ji的de規gui模mo和he背bei後hou的de政zheng府fu擔dan保bao，去qu接jie觸chu金jin融rong市shi場chang並bing獲huo得de市shi場chang的de融rong資zi。隨sui著zhe企qi業ye債zhai券quan市shi場chang和he上shang市shi公gong司si收shou購gou兼jian並bing和he退tui市shi製zhi度du的de不bu斷duan成cheng熟shu，中zhong國guo的de企qi業ye也ye會hui越yue來lai越yue多duo地di意yi識shi到dao，企qi業ye規gui模mo的de擴kuo張zhang並bing不bu總zong是shi帶dai來lai好hao的de結jie果guo，有you的de時shi候hou會hui帶dai來lai更geng高gao的de成cheng本ben甚shen至zhi是shi巨ju大da的de風feng險xian。隻zhi有you企qi業ye真zhen正zheng意yi識shi到dao和he承cheng擔dan起qi產chan能neng擴kuo張zhang的de全quan部bu責ze任ren和he成cheng本ben，中zhong國guo產chan能neng過guo剩sheng繼ji續xu惡e化hua的de取qu舍she才cai能neng真zhen正zheng得de以yi遏e製zhi。

麵對中國目前已經發展得非常嚴重的產能過剩局麵，諸如破產重組、兼並收購、yewuzhuanxing，hehaiwaikuozhangdeshichangshouduan，queshiyinggaikeyiduimuqiandewentijinxingyidingdehuanjiehehuajie。raner
，ruguobunengliqingzhongguochannengguoshengwentibeihoushichangcanyugefangdelixingsikaohecelvefanying，namezaidadaoduanqiquchanneng、去杠杆、去庫存目標過程中，讓市場在資源配置中發揮決定性作用的改革精神和方向，將難以得到充分的貫徹和有效的實施。

正本，仍需清源！